Luteolin and Kaempferol From Cassia Alata

Luteolin and Kaempferol From genus cassia AlataLUTEOLIN AND KAEMPFEROL FROM CASSIA ALATA, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ITS METHANOLIC EXTRACTSANEELA WAHAB, TAHIRA, SABIRA BEGUM, ANJUM AYUB, IFFAT MAHMOOD, TALAT MAHMOOD, AQEEL AHMADAND NIDA FAYYAZAbstractCassia alata alike cognize as candlebush is a medicinally important prove. In the present probe we are reporting the closing off and structure elucidation of two flavonoids kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2) apart(p) from methanolic extract of its beans through bio canvas guided ingredientation. The structure of isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as EIMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. In this article we are similarly presenting the bactericide, antifungal and antioxidant practise of the methanolic extract of its leaves (CA-L), stem turn (CA-S) and beans (CA-BN). completely the extracts showed remarkable antibacterial and weak antioxidant use whereas moderate antifungal activity was who le free-base in stem (CA-S) and beans (CA-BN) extracts.IntroductionCassia alata (Synonym Senna alata) belonging to the family Leguminosae and subfamily of Fabaceae, commonly known as seven lucky candlesticks, and ringworm senna (Quattrocchi U., F.L.S., 2012). This plant is primordial to the West Indies, tropical America, found wild almost throughout India and Pakistan (Khare C.P., 2007). C. alata with golden blooms is a summer bloomer and a striking spring that brave out for several weeks but prefer cooler month for flowering (Ray A.B., et al., 2010, Krishnan M. K. S., 1992). This pubic hair may grow up to 3 meters tall with irregular, angled, glabrous branches. Flowers bedevil bright yellow colour. It has long, membranous, dehiscent fuel pods with 25 or more seeds per pod (Ross I.A., 2003, Bhattacharjee S.K., 2004).Cassia alata is widely apply as traditional medicine in India and Southeast Asia ( Reezal I., et al., 2002 ). This plant is report to possess insecticidal, anti -inflammatory, hydragogue, sudorific, diuretic, pesticidal properties. Fresh leaves juice is employ for ring worm, snakebite, scorpion bite, skin diseases, impetigo, syphilis sores, itching, mycosis (washermans itch), herpes and eczema. Roots, leaves and flowers of this plant possess many biological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, expectorant and also useful in urinary tract problems (Quattrocchi U., F.L.S., 2012), asthma, bronchitis and constipation (Joshi S.G., 2000). The ethyl acetate rayon extract of C. alata leaves possess hypoglycaemic activity (Ray A.B., et al, 2010). This plant also has hepatoprotective property. The principal(prenominal) constituents of C.alata are flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, tannins, sterols and triterpenes (Neharkar V.S., Gaikward K.G., 2011). The present paper describe the isolation and characterization of kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2). herein we are also reporting the antimicrobial a nd antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of leaves, stem and beans of this plant. entirely the extracts showed epochal antibacterial ( bow 2) and weak antioxidant activity ( elude 4). Antifungal activity ( hold over 3) was only observed in the extract of stem and beans.Experimental literals and MethodsGeneral silicon dioxide gel PF254 (Merk) was use for vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). Thin layer chromatography (tender loving care) was performed on pre-coated silica gel F254 (Merck). Gel permeation chromatography was performed on sephadex LH-20 (Pharmcia). The EIMS (electron impact piling spectrometery) were scanned on Jeol-JMS HX-110 potful spectrormeter. The 1H and 13C-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectra were recorded on a Bruker spectrometer operating at 300 and 75 MHz respectively. The chemical shimmy values are reported in (ppm) relative to SiMe4 (Tetra methyl silane) as an internal standard. The twin constant (J) is given in Hz.Plant MaterialThe Cassi a alata was collected from Karachi (Sindh) and place by Mr. Ghulam Rasool. A voucher example (86464) has been deposited in the herbarium at Department of Botany, Faculty of Science University of Karachi, Sindh Pakistan.Extraction and isolationThe air dried leaves (7 kg), stem (5 kg) and beans (5 kg) of Cassia alata were extracted repeatedly with methanol at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum to give 2 kg crude extract of leaves (CA-L), 3 kg crude extract of stem (CA-S) and 750 g crude extract of beans (CA-BN). The dark greenish brown pastelike crude extract of beans (CA-BN) was partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), water ( phonograph recordingard) and n-butanol sections. Each fraction was concentrated in vacuum to have 15 g EtOAc and 15 g n-butanol soluble fractions. The EtOAc soluble fraction was further partitioned with n-hexane to obtained n-hexane soluble fraction and n-hexane insoluble fraction. The n-hexane soluble fraction (14 g) was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) (n-hexane n-hexane EtOAc in golf club of increasing polarity) which furnished 22 fractions (Fr-1-Fr-22). The Fr-15 was subjected to reverse-phase editorial chromatography development sephadex column LH-20 (CHCl3CHCl3MeOH in beau monde of increasing polarity) which yielded 12 fractions (Fr-15-1-Fr-15-12). The Fr-15-9 was further subjected to reverse phase column chromatography using sephadex column LH-20 (n-hexaneCHCl3MeOH in order of increasing polarity) furnished 18 fractions (Fr-15-9-1-Fr-15-9-18). The Fr-15-9-10 eluted with n-hexaneCHCl3MeOH (0.531.5) gave yellow amorphous powder which showed single spot on TLC using CHCl3 MeOH (9.20.8) as a solvent system was identified as kaempferol (1) (37 mg). The Fr-15-9-9 was further subjected to reverse-phase column chromatography using sephadex column LH-20 (n-hexaneCHCl3MeOH in order of increasing polarity) which yielded 13 fractions (Fr-15-9-9-1 to Fr-15-9-9-13). The Fr-15-9-9-3 eluted with n-hexan eCHCl3MeOH (0.531.5) showed single spot on TLC (CHCl3MeOH, 9.20.8) appeared as yellowish powder and was identified as luteolin (2) (27 mg).Biological assayScreening of antibacterial activityThe disc dispersion manner (Bauer et al, 1966) was used to determine the antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts. 100 mg/ml of declivity solution was on the watch by dissolving extracts in DMSO. Sterile deform discs containing 10 l of stock solution were used for screening. The Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid) plates were seed with 24 hours old culture grown in Mueller Hinton broth (Oxoid). The prepared discs were fit(p) onto the surfaces at different positions and plates were incubated at 37C for 24 hours. Results were recorded by measuring the zone of curtailments in mm. Gentamicin was used as a standard.Screening of antifungal activityAntifungal activity was also determined by disc diffusion method (Bauer et al, 1966) as above. Briefly, a small amount of culture was transferred to 2-3 ml distilled water or normal saline in a screw capped piping with few glass beads (1 mm in diameter) and vortexes for 5-10 minutes to substantiate a homogeneous suspension of fungal culture. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates were seed with this suspension. Sterile filter discs containing 10 l of stock solution were placed onto the surfaces at different positions. Plates were incubated at room temperature for 1 week. Results were recorded by measuring the zone of inhibitions in mm. Gresiofulvin was used as a standard. goal of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)MIC of methanolic extracts were determined by the disc diffusion method ( Bauer et al, 1966).Sterile discs containing different concentrations of try outs varying from 0.98 to 1000 g per disc were prepared. The MIC of those extracts showing maximum zone of inhibition against microorganism were calculated ( Table 2 ).Antioxidant activityAntioxidant activity was determined by using the method described by Lee et al. (1 998). 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was prepared in ethanol (300 M). 10 L of each extract and 90 L solution of steadfast radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was added in 96 well micro titer plates and incubated at 37 C for 30 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 515 nm by using a spectrophotometer. Percent inhibition of radicals by treatment of test sample was determined by comparison with a DMSO treated control group.% stifling = (absorbance of the control-absorbance of the test sample) x 100Absorbance of the controlAscorbic acid was used as standard control. The EC50 value calculated denotes the concentration (in ug/ml) of sample required to clean house 50% of DPPHCharacterization of Kaempferol (1) jaundiced amorphous powder. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 8.09 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-2, 6), 6.91 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-3, 5), 6.43 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-8), 6.19 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-6). EIMS m/z 286 M+. 13C-NMR (see Table 1). All data were identical with that of reporte d in literature (Hadizadeh F., et al, 2003, Gangwal A., et al, 2010).Characterization of Luteolin (2)Yellow amorphous powder. 1H- NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 7.39 (1H, dd, J = 9.0, 1.8 Hz, H-6) ,7.36 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-2), 6.88 (1H, d, J = 9.0, Hz, H-5), 6.53 (1H, s, H-3), 6.43 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-8), 6.19 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-6). EIMS m/z 286 M+. 13C-NMR (see Table 1). All data were identical with that of reported in literature (Saeidnia S., et al, 2009).Results and discussionThe phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extracts of Cassia alata beans resulted in the isolation of kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2). Compound (1) showed molecular(a) ion peak at m/z 286 having molecular formula C15H10O6. Its 1H-NMR spectrum showed the characterstic peak of H-2 and 6 as a doublet at with ortho coupling of 8.7 Hz whereas H-3 and 5 with similar ortho coupling appeared at 6.91 as a doublet.1H-NMR spectrum of 1 further displayed signals of aromatic protons as a doublet at 6.19 (H-6) and a t 6.43 (H-8) showing meta coupling of 1.8 Hz.The EIMS spectrum of compound (2) is similar to (1) having same molecular mass (m/z 286) and formula (C15H10O6). In the 1H-NMR spectrum of 2 characterstic peak of H-3 appeared at 6.53 as a singlet. Other important signals observed at 6.88 (d, J = 9.0, Hz, H-5), 7.36 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-2) and 7.39 (dd, J = 9.0, 1.8 Hz, H-6). The aromatic protons H-6 and H-8 showed same and J value as in compound 1. The 13C-NMR spectrum (Table 1) of both compounds 1 and 2 displayed signals of nine quaternary and half dozen methine carbons . All the 13C assignments are in agreement with the reported data (Gangwal A., et al, 2010, Saeidnia S., et al, 2009).The results of antibacterial activity indicated that all the methanolic extracts of C. alata (CA-L, CA-S and CA-BN) have authorization to kill sundry(a) pathogenic gram+ve and gram-ve bacteria (Table 2), whereas good antifungal activity was observed in CA-S and CA-BN extracts against Fusarium specie (Ta ble 3). All the extracts (CA-L, CA-S and CA-BN) showed less than 50% inhibition of DPPH radicals in antioxidant activity (Table 4).CONCLUSIONThe known flavonoids kaemferol (1) and luteolin (2) were isolated from the methanolic extracts of C. alata beans. The structure of the isolated compounds were elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques. Pharmacological investigations have indicated that all the extracts (CA-L, CA-S and CA-BN) of this plant possess significant antimicrobial and weak antioxidant activity.ReferencesBauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493496.Bhattarchrjee, S.K. and Michael,A.M. (2004). dedicate Book of medicinal Plants. Pointer Publishers Jaipur 302003 (Raj), India, pp. 77-78.Gangwal, A., Parmar, S.K., Sheth, N.R. (2010). Vol. 2(1). Triterpenoid, flavonoids and sterols from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. Scholars Research L ibrary. pp. 307- 317.Hadizadeh, F., Noaman, K., Hossein, H., Randa, K.A. (2003). Kaempferol from Saffron Petals. Persian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. pp. 251-252.Joshi, S.G. (2000). Medicinal Plants. Oxford and IBH publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, Calcutta, India, pp. 117.Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants.Springer.New Delhi, India, pp.126.Krishnan, M.K.S. (1992). Vol.3. The Wealth of India. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi, India, pp. 328.Lee, S. K., Zakaria, H., Chuyng, H. L., Kuyengl, L.,Games, E. J. C., Mehta, R. J., Kinghorn, D., and Pezzuto, J. M. (1998). Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural products.Combinatorial Chemistry and High Throughput Screening.1 35-4Neharkar, V.S., Gaikwad, K.G. (2011). Vol. 2(1). Hepatoprotective activity of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves against Paracetamol-induced hepatic psychic trauma in rats. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences pp. 783-788.Quattrocchi, U., F. L.S. (2012). Vol.5 R-Z CRC World mental lexicon of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. CRC Press Taylor Francis Group Boca Raton New York, USA, pp. 236-237.Ray, A.B., Chansouria, J.P.N. and Hemalatha, S. (2010). Medicinal Plants antidiabetic drug and Hypoglycaemic Activities. ibdc Publishers Lucknow, India, pp. 95.Ross, I.A. (2003). vol.1. Medicinal Plants of the World. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, pp. 165-166.Reezal, I., Somchit, M. N. and Abdul Rahim, M. (2002). Vol.1. In vitro Antifungal Properties of Cassia alata (GELNGGANG BESAR). minutes of the Regional Symposium on Environment and Natural Resources. pp. 654-659.Saeidnia, S., Yassa, N., Rezaeipoor ,R., Shafiee, A., Gohari, A. R., Kamalinejad, M., Gooderzy, S. (2009). Vol. 17(1). Immunosuppressive principles from Achillea talagonica, an endemic species of Iran. Journals.tums.ac.ir pp. 37-41.Table 1. C13-NMR spectral data of kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2) in CD3OD (ppm) at 75 MHzTable 2. Antibacterial activity of different extracts of Cassia alata (zone of inhibition in mm) CA-L= Cassia alata Leaves, CA-S = Cassia alata Stem, CA-BN = Cassia alata Beans.Table 3. In Vitro Antifungal activity (zone of inhibition in mm)Table 4. Antioxidant activity of Methanolic extracts of C.alata