Cushing’s Syndrome

Cushing’s Syndrome is a hormone disorder caused by the body tissues being exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long period of time. The disease is commonly caused by taking corticosteroid medicine in high doses over an extended period of time. The condition can also be caused by the body’s excess production of cortisol due to an overactive adrenal gland. It is a rare disease that mostly affects adults between the ages of 20 to 50. Females are more likely to get the disease than males due to an adrenal or pituitary tumor. Cushing’s Syndrome signs and symptoms include progressive obesity and skin changes. There is rapid gain in the upper body fat deposit along the collar bone and the back of the neck which is often called â€Å"buffalo humps† and a rounded face which is referred to as â€Å"moon face†. The skin stretches causing pink or purple stretch marks along the stomach, thighs, breasts, and arms. A woman with the syndrome could experience excess body hair growth on their face, neck, chest, stomach, and thighs. It could cause their menstrual cycle to become irregular or stop. A man with the syndrome could experience decreased fertility and erectile dysfunction. Other signs and symptoms include excess sweating, fatigue, muscle weakness, headaches, high blood pressure, thinning and fragility of the skin causing it to bruise easily and heal poorly. Other symptoms also include dryness of the skin, acne, weakened bones, cognitive difficulties, and high blood sugar which may lead to diabetes. Cushing’s Syndrome can also cause loss of emotional control which could lead to depression, anxiety, and irritability. The adrenal gland of the endocrine system produces a number of hormones, including cortisol. Cortisol plays a number of roles throughout the body. It helps with regulating the body’s blood pressure, which keeps the cardiovascular system functioning normal. It helps to react to stress by converting proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into usable energy. The condition can be caused by medication such as prednisone that has the same effects as the cortisol that is produced in the body. A doctor may prescribe this type medicine to patients with inflammatory disease such as asthma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted organ. The treatment of these conditions often requires higher amounts of cortisol than the body normally needs in a day. The condition can be caused by your own body producing excess cortisol. This could occur from the excess production of one or both of the adrenal glands of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which regulates production of cortisol. A benign tumor of the pituitary gland can cause secretion of an excess amount of ACTH, which will, in return, stimulate the adrenal gland to make more cortisol than the body needs. As mentioned previously, the condition occurs more often in women. Urine and blood lab tests are performed to measure the hormone levels in the urine and blood. These tests will show if the body is producing an excessive amount of cortisol. Saliva tests are also used by analyzing cortisol levels in salvia collected at night. Normally, cortisol levels rise and fall throughout the day, but levels in people without Cushing’s Syndrome will drop considerably in the evening. Imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans can detect abnormalities such as tumors in the pituitary and/or adrenal glands. All of these tests can help a doctor diagnose Cushing’s Syndrome and rule out other medical conditions. The treatment for Cushing’s Syndrome depends on what caused the cortisol to be high in the body. The treatment should be designed to lower the high level of cortisol in the body. If the disease was caused by long term exposure to corticosteroids, then the treatment would be reducing the use of corticosteroid. For patients with asthma, arthritis, or other conditions that require medication to manage their illness, doctors can prescribe noncorticosteroid drugs. Surgery is recommended if the disease is caused by a tumor that is present in the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, lungs, or pancreas. If surgery does not remove the tumor completely, radiation therapy is used in conjunction with the operation. Medications such as Nizoral, Lysodren, and Metopirone are prescribed to control production of cortisol when the surgery or radiation therapy doesn’t work. The length of recovery depends on the severity and cause of the Cushing’s Syndrome. Patients should be advised to increase their daily activities slowly due to weakened muscles. They need to be sure that they are eating sensibly and getting enough calcium and Vitamin D to help strengthen their bones. They need to monitor their mental health because depression can develop due to being overwhelmed or having difficulty coping with recovery. For aches and pains; the patient can take hot baths and do low impact exercises such as water aerobics. For patient recovery from cognitive difficulties, they can do crossword puzzles or math problems to exercise their brain and help to improve their brain function.

Compare and Contrast. Russia and Japan

Both Japan and Russia experienced a major economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The government played a major role in both countries economic growth due to their support in industrialization and economic succession.Government support in order to build up industrial production systems, such as factories and infrastructure was heavy in both nations and resulted in radical political change, however they ways in which the two countries achieved their development goals differed in some aspects, for example, Russian industry did not require government support in getting raw materials for production like Japanese industries did.During At the time both countries were far behind in the global race to industrialize and desperately desired to catch up. This motivated the two governments to take drastic measures to catch up, but with the exception of a few basic principles they did so in very different ways.Russia, officially referred to as the Soviet Union at the t ime was under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. He industrialized using a tightly regulated system known as The First Five-Year Plan. This plan included many laws, the establishment of production quotas, collective farms, and established heavy government regulation over the economy.It was successful in industrializing Russia at a whirlwind pace with the creation of many factories and huge technological advancements, but at a large cost of the lives and freedom of many Russian peasants. The collective farms failed to produce a food supply sufficient to feed the people resulting in widespread starvation.Japanese emperor Meiji played a large role in the economic development of Japan, as Stalin did in the USSR, but he did so in a very different way. Meiji created state-sponsored factories that were paid for largely with revenue from tax increases imposed on the citizens.However his reforms were broad scope and encompassed many aspects of life. For example, he ended the feudal system in J apan and introduced a modern Westernized system, a very different social change than that of Stalin who pushed his citizens further into poverty.With an increase in industrial production and economic progress, the need for resources also increases, and that was a challenge both countries had to face but dealt with differently according to their needs and the resources they had within their borders. In Japan the demand for resources such as coal and metals needed to fuel production exceeded the resources that could be recovered from its own islands.This lead to a series of imperialistic  military conquests of foreign lands that were brutally colonized in order to export as many raw materials as possible to the industrial factories of Japan. Russia was able to keep the supply of materials flowing into their production lines by obtaining resources from regions within the country.The areas of resources were far from industrial centers so transportation infrastructure had to be built i n order to get the raw materials into factories. The government created projects such as the Trans-Siberian Railroad, with workers sourced from labor camps containing political prisoners and prisoners of war.The life span of these dispensable workers was very short because of the harsh working conditions and poor treatment. In order to feed their industrial production lines the raw materials they needed, both countries went to great lengths to obtain the needed resources, killing countless numbers of civilians in the process.In conclusion the government played a heavy role in economic progress for both nations resulting in huge loses of civilian life, but they spurred on development in different ways. The methods of industrialization each country used set up the stage for how each would interact globally from then on, especially in WWII.

Merriwell Bag Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Merriwell Bag Company - Case Study Example Furthermore, demand forecasting helps in constructing the pricing decisions as well as estimating the investment requirements for the future use (Lapide, 2006). From the demand forcast, it can be noted that the demand for the bags are maximum in the market in the pick season. It shows that Merriwell Bag Company’s bag demands depend largely upon its seasonality. However, it can also be observed that the demand for the bag declines steeply in the market during the off-season. Even though, from an overall perspective a growing trend can be witnessed in the demand forecasted. To certain extent the accuracy of forecasting can be improved through selecting separate forecasting groups with proper management control system. The primary objective of forecasting group is to make plans in order to collect appropriate information related to demand. The members of the forecasting group should be well trained in this regards. Members of the group should use both the qualitative and quantitative method in forecasting to gain more accurate information along with development of new measures for improving forecasting in future. After every session the group member should measure the processed method and re-analyze the data collected to minimize errors (Moon, Mentzer, Smith, & Garver, 1998). The forecasting method used by Ed Merriwell in the prior years was based upon his ‘feel’ which has been recently observed as ineffective in terms of accuracy. According to the quantitative method used, the sales of the organization are likely to increase during the entire year of 2008, especially in the season time. However, in establishing the new sales forecast, Ed Merriwell’s ‘feel’ is quite likely to have a negative impact on the operational process owing to the changes in the personnel associated with the customer purchasing departments along with the rapid increase in the short-shipped accounts. It is worth mentioning in this regard that quantitative method

Celebrated Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Celebrated Cases - Essay Example overwhelming evidence, the offender was found guilty of several counts of aggravated sexual assault and felony murder for killing the young girl while committing other atrocities on her. The jury ruled that Timmendequas carried out the crime â€Å"purposely† and â€Å"out of his own conduct†, propping his eligibility for a death penalty. He was sentenced to death, a ruling that was upheld by the Supreme Court of New Jersey on appeal (Scheb, 2010). This Case was the basis for the adoption of Megan’s law. With all the controversy surrounding it, it requires that the names of sexual offenders and pictures of their faces be distributed to members of a community in the event that such an offender resides among them. The profiles of these offenders are also available in databases accessible by any interested group or persons (Shultz, 2005). The New Jersey legislature was prevailed upon to adopt the Sex offender Community Notification into law. Eventually, the U.S Congress cemented a legislation that required every State to register certain specified offences and the offenders. It subsequently raised the bar for every State to implement community notification. This law had unanimous approval in most States, with some such as Florida not bothering to debate the positives over the negatives of enacting such a law (Siegel, 2011). However, Courts took a more critical assessment of these laws and struck out parts of the provisions . Scholars of law also had varied reactions and criticism. . Coming before it was the Weterlling Act enacted by Congress in 1994, stipulating that all offenders charged and convicted with sexual offenses be registered. The Megan Case provided a platform for the improvement of this Act: Emanating from the huge debate it elicited nationwide, there emerged the policy for mandatory registration of all sex offenders, including related offences such as false imprisonment and kidnapping. It would not only stop at that, communities were to be notified if

Violent video games Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Violent video games - Research Paper Example They had not much opportunities other than playing games to spend their free time. However, teenagers of current era are getting more opportunities to spend their free time. The arrivals of computer, internet, television and mobile phones have brought immense opportunities to them. These channels or media offer many opportunities to play video games. It should be noted that playing some kind of games in the ground require some physical effort. On the other hand, not much physical effort is needed for playing videogames. That is why lazy modern generation is running after videogames. Two features of video games fuel renewed interest by researchers, public policy makers, and the general public. First, the active role required by video games is a double-edged sword. It helps educational video games be excellent teaching tools for motivational and learning process reasons. But, it also may make violent video games even more hazardous than violent television or cinema. Second, the arrival of a new generation of ultraviolent video games beginning in the early 1990s and continuing unabated to the present resulted in large numbers of children and youths actively participating in entertainment violence that went way beyond anything available to them on television or in movies. Recent video games reward players for killing innocent bystanders, police, and prostitutes, using a wide range of weapons including guns, knives, flame throwers, swords, baseball bats, cars, hands, and feet (Anderson) Some people argue that videogames help teenagers to increase their mental abilities and it should be encouraged as much as possible. On the other hand others are of the view that over influence of videogames may affect the physical, mental and emotional developments of teenagers. In do believe that playing excess videogames is not at all good for the teenage community. This paper argues against excessive playing of videogames with the help if arguments in favor and against videogame playing. â€Å"Gentile & Anderson (2003) state that playing video games may increase aggressive behavior because violent acts are continually repeated throughout the video game. This method of repetition has long been considered an effective teaching method in reinforcing learning patterns† (p.4). One of the major negative impacts of playing videogame is the development of aggressive behavior among the children. Anderson & Dill (2000) also pointed out the development of aggressive behavior among the teenagers as a result of excessive videogame playing. In their opinion, â€Å"long term video game players can become more aggressive in outlook, perceptual biases, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior than they were before the repeated exposure or would have become without such exposure† (Anderson & Dill, p.774). Aggressive behaviors are increasing day by day among teenage communities. It should be noted that in schools of western countries, plenty of shooting and violent inci dents are taking place periodically. On the other hand, such violent behaviors among teenage communities in the underdeveloped countries are less. This is because of the fact that teenagers in the developed countries are getting more opportunities to play videogames because of the

Chiquita Brands Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chiquita Brands Inc - Essay Example The company operates in three divisions or segments – Bananas, Salads and Healthy Snacks, and Other Produce. The Bananas segment originates, transports and distributes bananas to retailers, wholesalers and chain stores; it also cultivates and produces its own bananas through its plantations. The Salads and Healthy Snacks segment carries snacks under the Fresh Express labels, aside from distributing fresh vegetables and food ingredients. It distributes fresh vegetables to food retailers, foodservice distributors and restaurants. The Other Produce sources and distributes fresh fruits, other than bananas, in Europe and North America (Chiquita Brands website). Chiquita is the company that succeeded United Fruit Company, then the leader in banana production and transport operations throughout the Caribbean and Latin America, in 1984 and moved its headquarters to Ohio after it was bought by Cincinnati billionaire Carl Lindner Jr. who named himself the CEO. The company adopted the na me Chiquita Brands in 2002 after the company exited from a prepackaged Chapter 11 debt structuring plan and acquiring several fruit processing companies and distributors and expanded outside of banana sales to marketing and distributing other fresh and processed fruits and vegetables (Chiquita Brands website). Chiquita Brands has two main business units: Chiquita Fresh and Chiquita Global Logistics. Chiquita Fresh is responsible for the production, distribution and marketing of fresh fruits and vegetables around the globe, with Chiquita bananas as the signature product symbolizing its commitment for fresh and nutritious food. Chiquita Fresh’s website offers these data about the company: $1.5 Billion in revenues; 23,000 employees; 130 Million boxes of bananas sold annually representing 67% of total mother company’s revenues. Chiquita Fresh also operates 115 banana plantations in Latin America and one farm in Africa that produce half of all bananas sold, the other half c oming from independent producers in Latin America and the Philippines (Chiquita Brands website). Chiquita Global Logistics handles the supply flow of products and information in 19 countries via their network of cargo ships and other supplier facilities. Global Logistics has 11 modern ships and contracts 13 more to complement its Great White Fleet to undertake the delivery of bananas and other produce to Europe and North America. Aside from this, Global Logistics is also involved in commercial cargo operation in the US, Europe and Latin America. The website has the following information about Global Logistics: 430 employees;$160 Million in assets; 40,000 cargo containers moved annually; 2.9 Million nautical miles covered per year (SourceWatch website). In its 2010 annual report, Chiquita Brands cited the following data: 21,000 employees in nearly 70 countries; $3.2 Billion in net sales, generating $57 Million net income. The annual report boasted of a consistently positive operating net income from operation for the last three years from 2008 despite that the period covered the height of the recession. Issues Besetting Chiquita Brands In that annual report, the chief executive officer Fernando Aguirre reported on the progress relating to several issues from past operations that have affected Chiquita Brands in some ways. Violations of EC Competition Laws One of these issues pertained to some reported past violations of European competition laws by former employees of the company.

Coordination and Control in Multinational's Essay

Coordination and Control in Multinational's - Essay Example From this essay it isclear that  a Multinational corporation or enterprise’s trait characteristic is their presence in more than at least two countries. Some claim, Knights Templar, founded in 1118 was the first multinational when it started banking. Others claim Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602, was the first multinational. Multinationals are known by a variety of names such as a Multinational Corporation (MNC), Multinational Enterprise (MNE), Transnational Corporation (TNC) or simply Multinational Organization (MNO).  According to the report findings  a corporation, once it has achieved success at a local level, slowly branches out. Next it manages to attain power and influence and become an active member in shaping globalization. Multinational corporations are known to have very large budgets that even have the ability to exceed the budgets of many counties. Multinationals can be highly influential politically as they play an active role in International rela tions. This is mainly due to two factors that, Multinationals have a huge economical influence upon politicians’ representative districts and that multinationals have huge economical resources available for public relations and political lobbying.  Countries are competing with one another to win the attention of MNC’s so they could be considered by these corporations. The setting up of multinationals in a country would mean tax revenue, employment and economic activity.

Evaluate the continuing professional development opportunities I have Essay

Evaluate the continuing professional development opportunities I have engaged in which have influenced my generic teaching skills - Essay Example Secondly, I wrote lesson plans which guided me not to change the duration of my activities, or foregoing them altogether; as well as schemes of work, which guided me on what to do in the course of the semester. Thirdly, I took part in an in-house training that gave me an opportunity to develop teaching skills, and emphasized the need to understand the principles of education. Lastly, theories of reflection made me build knowledge on bridging the gap between theory and practical world. Though development opportunities are a great way to grow professionally, evaluating development programs is crucial too. Collins (2000), states that evaluation can help in choosing the right program, adopting it to your local text and to fine-tune the program once in use. He continues to say that evaluation ensures that one avoids the popular innovations that are more opinion-based and promoted by people who are more concerned of what sells than what works. In view of the above discussion, though development is important, the process can be pricey because it requires sophisticated methods of evaluation to ensure quality

The Role of Strategic Entrepreneurship Dissertation

The Role of Strategic Entrepreneurship - Dissertation Example Particular attention would is given to how they are applied in detail. At the end of this chapter, the proponent carefully elaborates the need to use of structural equation modeling, as a tool to put finally everything in detail into a model with valid empirical implications. This research would want to find out more about strategic entrepreneurship in the midst of prevailing tough competition. Concerning this, it is the main goal of the proponent to identify information with empirical evidence if each firm could still consider achieving individual competitive edge even if they would employ relevant competitive strategies. However, in order to identify this point, the proponent should ensure identification of the relevant methodology that would serve the objective of the study while it also would ensure validity of the output of the research study. This research aims to understand more about strategic entrepreneurship in the midst of prevailing dynamic competition. The proponent would want to find out if a firm could still guarantee competitive advantage even if they would employ relevant competitive strategies. Therefore, the following general question should generate answer at the end. When firms engage in strategic entrepreneurship does it establish temporal competitive advantage in a dynamic environment when competing vis-Ã  -vis other competitors in the industry with the objective of creating value for the society as a whole, shareholder of the firms, and the individuals? As already stated, the proponent would want to employ both quantitative and qualitative information from the existing studies linked up with strategic entrepreneurship. Empirical investigation is therefore necessary in order to create substantial empirical evidence based on the existing theoretical concepts linked up with the subject matter that the proponent considers in this research study.

Effect of Oil Price on Kuwait Stock Market Index Dissertation

Effect of Oil Price on Kuwait Stock Market Index - Dissertation Example In any country, the fact of presence or absence of oil will always have an effect on the lives of the people because there are different values that people cannot overlook in the establishing of an economy of the country. Oil in many countries in the world is the idea behind industrialization and development of transport systems, which are important aspects of life of the lives of the people. For this reason, oil in any economy has a crucial role because it influences the productivity of the different companies and organisations greatly, either in direct or indirect ways. This essentially means that every country in the world depends on oil as a source of energy to that enhances their production and growth in different perspectives because its prices affects the amount of products a company can have. The analysis of the importance of change in oil prices on the stock market of any country is possible because stock markets depend on the industrialisation and various factors that influ ence the people. The research will focus on the Kuwait Stock Market Indices and it will seek to establish the relationships that exist between the two factors of the economy (Arouri, Jawadi, and Nguyen, 137). Kuwait as a producer of oil, industries in the country have ease of access of the product because it is availed to them through other refinery companies that operate within the country. However, the issue comes in when prices rise or fall because it influences the home and foreign companies.... In this research, there will be two hypotheses; null hypothesis, which will be that Kuwait stock market index, is not affected by change in oil prices and the alternate hypothesis will be that the Kuwait Stock market index is heavily affected by change in oil prices. The Scope of the research The research will be restricted to Kuwait stock market index but to enable a comparison, the research will review the literature of the some previous researches in other oil producing countries’ stock markets indices. The research will rely on that information from different research to come up with an objective view of the idea of the influence of oil prices on the Kuwait Stock Market. Research Objective To establish the relationship between the trend of oil prices and those of Kuwait stock market indices Significance of Study The research will be used to inform the factors that cause change in indices in the stock market and will be used to make recommendations on the various things tha t the government can implement so that they can prevent losses in the stock market. The findings of this research will be important to the investors who would like to invest or who have invested in the Kuwait Stock Markets because it will give them a means to predict the indices at different times of the year. The research will be important to different banking institutions because they will be able to understand the various effects of rending money to their customers so that they can ensure ease of repayments. Literature Review In any country, the fact of presence or absence of oil will always have an effect on the lives of the people because there are

Example of Leadership Essay Example for Free

Example of Leadership Essay From the Forbes’ article â€Å"Leadership Lessons from Admiral Michelle Howard, The Highest Ranking Woman in Naval History†, written by Kathryn Dill, tells the history of the four-star admiral and Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the second highest position in the Navy, Michelle Howard and how she became the first American woman to get this position. It is all about her leadership. The first aspect that she points out is about innovation. She takes the example of outside companies and does not have fear to make changes. She says: â€Å"There’s great ideas out there–it’s having the courage to go ask people about what they’re doing that’s different, and saying, ‘I wonder how I could apply that to my organization.’† It is important to all organizations keep changing. She has an envision of the future and because of her way to manage her team, it will be always better, by experimenting and learning from those changes. Moreover, she encourages creativity and â€Å"creates an environment where employees can meet personal goals and they’ll strive that much harder for the professional ones.† It is clear that she wants everyone to share the same vision and seek their goals, even the professional or the personal ones. Doing this, she encourages their hearts joining their lives’ purposes. At last, she is a great example for her co-workers. She is a great leader who behaves and work in a consistent way. Furthermore, she is strong and brave. Someone who people could trust. Work Cited Dill, Kathryn. Leadership Lessons From Admiral Michelle Howard, The Highest RankingWoman In Naval History. iForbes/i. Forbes Magazine, 1 July 2014. Web. 23July 2014. lt;http://www.forbes.com/sites/kathryndill/2014/07/01/leadership-lessons-from-admiral-michelle-howard-the-highest-ranking-woman-in-naval-history/

Bottom Of Pyramid Market Business Essay

Bottom Of Pyramid Market Business Essay This paper traces the development of concepts related to the Bottom of the Pyramid which are described as a poverty alleviation perspective. The BOP thesis states that multinational companies (MNCs) can reach profitability and help to eradicate poverty, at the same time, by designing and implementing sustainable solutions for the BOP consumers. At the same time, numerous academics and business managers have suggested that rather than focusing on the poor as consumers, MNCs have to view the poor as producers, and started by increasing their income to reduce poverty. The number of people who occupying the lowest tier in the worlds economic pyramid has been estimated to be between 3 and 4.5 billion. However, multinational companies are currently unfamiliar with the BOP market and the tendency is that MNCs ignore the BOP market and prefers to focus on markets already developed. This gives an indication of the existence of a weakness that can potentially disrupt innovations in the BOP market. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to identify the particular challenges that companies found in the BOP market and in what forms innovation thrives in BOP markets. The literature review of this paper is mainly based on journal articles published in peer-reviewed journals related to innovations at the BOP and on case studies of companies which have implemented BOP projects. Keywords: Bottom Of Pyramid Market Innovations at Bottom Of Pyramid Sustainable Product Design Declaration I declare that I have personally prepared this article and that it has not in whole or in part been submitted for any other degree or qualification. Nor has it appeared in whole or in part in any textbook, journal or any other document previously published or produced for any purpose. The work described here is my own, carried out personally unless otherwise stated. All sources of information, including quotations are acknowledged by means of reference. C:UsersSà ©bastienPictures3 Identità ©Signature (2).JPG Sà ©bastien Escalier Nottingham Trent University, UK Introduction (700 words) General Area This paper explores the theological roots of the BOP market theory and the current trends in multinational company to venture into these markets. Influenced by some ideas drawn from the work of Prahalad on Bottom of Pyramid, the author has tried to put in perspective the issue of innovation in developing countries. Since the mists of time many people have reflected and worked on the issue of poverty, Mandela (2005, p.3) argues that like slavery and apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is manmade and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings. Even earlier it has been argued (Ghandi 1940) that poverty was the worst form of violence. But the sentence Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) was first introduced by Roosevelt, on the 7th of April 1932 in his radio address: The forgotten Man. Later, in the late 1990s Prahalad and Hart from the University of Michigan have suggested that multinational corporation companies (MNCs) can help to reduce the poverty. They defend the idea that if multinational companies create suitable and affordable product for the low-income people, they can both help reduce poverty and generate new benefits. Then, they have introduced the concept of Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP), which refers to the 4 billion people living on an income of 3 US $ or less per day in purchasing power parity (PPP) (Prahalad, 2004). However, although this concept has generated a strong interest in the corporate world and in lot of academia, the reality of this idea remains controversial (Karnani, 2007). During the last twenty years, the economic debate on solutions to the problem of poverty in developing countries has left an increasingly important role for the private initiatives (like NGOs, microfinance or social entrepreneurship for example). But poverty stays at an unacceptable level across the globe with over 1.4 billion people living below the poverty line of 1.25 dollars per day in purchasing power parity (PPP) (Chen Ravaillon, 2008) and it exists a big contrast with the approximately 500 million people who live at the top of the Economic Pyramid with an average purchasing power of more than US$ 10,000 per year (see Rocchi 2006). Specific Area Nowadays, the context in which the MNCs operate experiences very important changes and the idea of the BoP as virgin market, easy to conquer by the company, has disappeared. Issues related to environmental sustainability or social responsibility of companies is more and more ubiquitous (Diamond 2005). Whether through consumer pressure or through government regulation, companies can no longer ignore these trends. In this context of questioning of the conventional business models, ideas of Prahalad and Hart around the wealth at the base of the pyramid have interested many multinational companies, and we have seen a proliferation of initiatives of these ones to attempt to penetrate this market set aside. These initiatives have as the main objective to obtain knowledge of the market and generate long-term benefits, but they are also part of the issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR), because they incorporate social aspects to developing countries. Thus, in most cases the BoP initiatives use a social partner. However, we can separate the social businesses and the projects managed as usual projects of the company. On one side, in Bangladesh, the Grameen Danone Food and Limited (GFDL) project aims to reduce poverty by providing access to healthy food, an innovative business model that relies on the creation of health yogurt micro-factories. The company Veolia have also created a project which consists in the selling of clean water in Bangladesh, where the water is naturally enriched in arsenic. Both projects are focused on the reputation of the business in question, and are directly related to consumers (B2C). They are defined as social businesses and they have received the support of Yunus, Nobel Prize for Peace in 2006 and known for having founded the first microcredit institution: the Grameen Bank. On the other hand, some companies have developed new business models with local contractors. These projects are slightly more discreet, because companies are addressed to an intermediary and ask him to go out of his usual scope of action (B2B). In India, in 2004, the optical firm Essilor has established partnerships with local hospitals by financing other ophthalmic test series in landlocked regions, the company also offer eyeglasses for less than 5 euros in this area. In 2009, Schneider Electric, the world specialist in energy, has developed the BipBop Program (Business, Innovation People at the Base of the Pyramid). This program aims to provide access to green energy to billions of people who use kerosene lamps, in developing more local and more individualized solutions. Research question However, as they still know little about the BOP market, large companies are few to engage in this type of large-scale projects and must continually learn to succeed in developing appropriate solutions. This subject of innovation at the bottom of the pyramid will be the focus of this journal article. The starting point is the paradox which can be observed at the BOP between the real creation of suitable products and the return to more basic products. Thus, on the one hand, Schneider Electric has succeeded in developing a new LED lamp: In-Diya, for poor people who have little access to electricity in India, an innovative lighting solution which is reliable and affordable. But on the other hand, the Grameen Danone production unit in Bangladesh is based on plans that are no longer used since a long time in developed countries, therefore a solution that was not designed exclusively for the BOP market. The company Essilor doing the same thing because it also reserves its most basic eyewear models for the projects in India. The reality is more complex than this first observation. However it highlights the issue of the place and the form of innovation in the BOP strategies, topic that will be studied here. To investigate this question, the author begins with some background by describing the key concepts of the base of the pyramid market and its main characteristics. The specific challenges that companies face which approach this market will lead the author to consider what forms of innovation are developed in this market. Having consider this, and to demonstrate that innovation is possible in these parts of the world, the author will draw on case studies of multinational companies, such as Danone or Schneider Electric which have implemented BOP projects. To put in perspective the issue of innovation in developing countries, the link between innovation in developed and developing countries will be addressed. Having shown this interplay between innovation in developing countries and developed countries the author will explain in a conclusion the issue of innovation in the global economy of the world.

Social Media And Its Impact On Branding

Social Media And Its Impact On Branding ABSTRACT: Social Media is a new age concept which has taken world by storm; companies are trying to promote products actively on social media and interact with customers. This research paper includes the findings of the research based on the hypothesis that Social media marketing has a positive impact on sales and brand image. This research paper highlights the increasing trends of social media marketing, how brands are being affected and what impact theses tactics have on the sales of the respected companies. A sample of 50 respondents was taken into consideration as primary research. It consisted of a good mix of people across gender, age groups and income demographics. The study aimed to analyze the awareness and acceptability of social media marketing by measuring the different factors that are associated with branding and PR; and conclude whether social marketing enhances sales or not. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to understand and identify the various methods of e-marketing with respect to social media. It is essential to identify the changing trends in branding with the advent of blogging sites, Twitter, Facebook and other networking options. With more advancement in technology; everyone uses this facility for multiple purposes, moreover the concept of the online community and interconnectivity has changed the way people share views. Therefore the prime purpose of my research analysis is to facilitate the study of various social media trends that affect branding and online marketing. It has been analyzed whether social media is a mere feedback facility or an actual revenue enhancing tool. PROBLEM STATEMENT Social media is a promotional tool and connectivity medium for companies; there is a need to determine whether it is effective in enhancing sales or not. HYPOTHESIS H0: Social media marketing has a positive impact on sales and brand image. H1: Social media marketing does not affect sales, it enhances brand image. SAMPLE SIZE The sample size of the research consists of a total of 50 individuals whose ages range between 15-25, 26-35 and 36 above. All respondents belonged to SEC A+,A, A-, B+ and B; with an educational level to understand the study. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES Primary Research: Questionnaire interviews. Secondary Research: Literature Review Literature Review Social marketing is the new age concept in the world of branding and business. With advent of Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin etc the way we communicate has changed. It has surely evolved from being a teenagers space to a global phenomenon for social interaction. Mark Zukerberg has been named person of the year by Times for instilling unlimited possibilities in the world of communication. A national survey of reporters and editors revealed that 89% use blogs for story research, 65% turn to social media sites such as Facebook and LinkedIn, and 52% utilize microblogging services such as Twitter (George-2010). While the use of social media sources by journalists is growing rapidly, the reliability of such information remains an issue, as the survey also made it clear that reporters and editors are acutely aware of the need to verify information they get from social media Nearly half of all Americans are now members of at least one social network, double the proportion of just two years ago. While social network use is highest among the young, its not limited to this age bracket: two-thirds of 25- to 34-year-olds and half of those aged 35 to 44 also now have personal profile pages. Among the worlds 100 largest companies, two-thirds are using Twitter, 54% have a Facebook page, 50% manage at least one corporate YouTube channel and 33% have created company blogs. Overall, 79% of Fortune 100 companies are using at least one social media channel. (Pick-2010) Social media has enabled business leaders to create marketing opportunities which were untapped before. PepsiCo uses social networks to reach millions of entrepreneurs at the Superbowl. Whereas Leaders like IBMs Sam Palmisano, PepsiCos Indra Nooyi, Apples Steve Jobs, Microsofts Steve Ballmer, Carlsons Marilyn Nelson, and Harvard Business School Dean Nitin Nohria (George-2010) are all active social network users. This transformation in business is possible today because these social networks are a unique way of broadly communicating real-time messages to the audiences they want to reach. They can write a message anywhere, anytime, and share it with interested parties without any public relations meddling, speech writers, airplane travel, canned videos, or voicemail messages people. The business area it has affected the most is marketing, a new promotional weapon adding new dimensions to consumer awareness. Social media is an interactive forum to reach the consumer at a personal level. Consumer marketing companies are lining up to use these networks to reach their tailored demographics with highly personalized messages, social channels give a chance to the consumers to share feedback readily about products and services. It is not just brand awareness but a chance to build a strong relationship with the customer. A major contribution are the blogging sites, astonishingly the fate of leading brands may be reliant on comments of regular bloggers. This may be seen as a positive by a lot of branding experts since it can lead to endless business growth. Social media is user-controlled, which means that sociologic components play a large role in any companys social media business strategy. The limits of social media are only set by the limits of the technology of social media tools (Hobsbawm-2009). At one time, companies had a monologue with its customers. Companies put out television commerci als or print ads about its products and waited to see whether the sales rolled in to determine success rates. Now, social media allows companies to have a dialogue with its customers and gain valuable feedback and input as it creates the message. Information and messaging for a company was once controlled by its marketing and sales departments. Now, with the democratization of information, no one owns the message about a product or company. Every company must become part of the conversation or risk letting users become the voice of the company. Customers are using social channels to instantly share positive and negative feedback about products and services, influencing countless other people. Word-of-mouth marketing has existed since the dawn of man, but today, it uses a massive megaphone to extend farther than ever. People exchanging feedback, ideas, recommendations and more are changing the way customers shop and the way businesses produce. The study, carried out by the Economist Intelligence Unit and sponsored by SAS, the software vendor, suggests that social media is making the relationship between companies and their customers much more transparent. In particular, customers are more likely to try to deal with C-level executives through social media than through other channels. Businesses should respond, the report suggests, by integrating the multichannel feedback from blogs, community sites and social networks with their conventional marketing and market research data. Social media presence is a fundamental today, ranging from business to fortune 500 corporations. However social media marketing is a savior for small businesses. Its cost effective and they can easily Tweet new offers or update Facebook fanpage for latest offers. Moreover companies like Dell have used twitter to increase sales by $1 million in the past one year (Henry-2010). This whole social community allows your companys name and brand to be viewed by a significant amount of people. Continuous use of social media over time creates brand awareness and thus helps to increase sales. Competitions on social networks and interactive sessions are a new promotional tool being used, for example Top bartender page on Facebook by Absolut Vodka or Apples blogging on ipods dirty little secrets. What companies need is a financial justification, ROI on social media marketing has consistently been high, with Addidas having upto 70% returns. There are a total of 13 million internet users in Pakistan including Broadband, dial up, and mobile. Figures given by the PTA regarding internet users is that of 19 million from which face book consists of 2.2 million, (Pick- 2010) Yahoo around 4 million, MSN around 4 to 5 million and You Tube around 4.5 million. Based on these figures internet marketing is highly lucrative. Businesses in Pakistan have been marketing their products, brands and businesses using social media but still the industry has to come out. There are number of brands that have used such websites to promote their brands but still the results of such marketing tool in Pakistan are yet to achieve. Though, our neighboring country India has been using these websites as a marketing medium and they have been able to get positive results from using promotional campaigns. There are at least 500 companies with a Facebook presence. Brands like Ego, HSY, Gunsmoke etc rely on Facebook advertising. An average ad costing Rs. 10000 to Rs. 35000 on other mediums can only cost 3 to 10 cents on this site. (Syed-2010) Julie Roehm parses out the numbers from the Pew Internet and American Life study that were mentioned in the New York Times article, finding that theres a great disparity in how different generations consume content and that the older we get, the more likely we are to spend time on longer form content. Where will this lead us? Are we doomed to sound bites, tweets and trite self-absorbed updates for the foreseeable future? The viral effect that social media has in marketing is shaping a new face of branding. Moreover social media is the place people trust for seeking information. Be it feedback, product information search or tackling PR disasters, social media has it all. Social media would evolve into a decision making tool in future when mashed with other online options; making brand equity highly vulnerable to social verdicts. What lies ahead is a fierce branding battle which can be won with innovative social marketing solutions. The addictiveness can be cashed by generating a mix of the virtual society and physical customer support banded together. Many of the people involved in this study believed that information they have seen on social networks didnt influence their purchasing decision. On the surface, we would agree with them because most information you see on social networks isnt shown to you when you are in the process of making a buying decision. The real power of Social Media Marketing is the brand building and the longevity of the content a company adds to a social community (Baekdal-2009). A statement made by a company and picked up by someone you Follow on Twitter can impact a purchase you make at a later point but you wouldnt necessarily correlate that with your buying decision. There may also be content that was created on a social network that gets displayed in the results of your Google search that may influence your decision to purchase a product but you also may not realize that the information is even coming from Social Media Marketing. The lesson to be learned here is that marketing doesnt always correlate easily to direct sales. We have become too dependent on measuring your ROI from Internet Marketing. Marketers need to understand and respect the long term value of building a brand through the web and just because you dont see instant revenue from a marketing campaign doesnt necessarily mean it wont be effective. (Pick-2010) Large companies and small businesses who have used social media to promote their products and services could attest that they have experienced remarkable increase in sales. Exposing your brand in social media can be an excellent way to make the existence of your business known to the public. It is a fact that members of social media are pouring in and is still constantly increasing. So, you can just imagine the number of potential views your business can get simply by being a part of these social networking sites (Gunelius-2009). Whether you are just starting out or your business is already a multinational corporation, there are many social marketing tools available to provide the needed marketing exposure of your business. And another good thing is that most of these tools are for free therefore giving you an edge especially if your marketing budget is limited. If one is wondering how sales can be increased with social media, the answer is simple: Social media can reach millions of people worldwide. Anyone with an internet access can view your advertisements online. With TV commercials, only those people watching at the time can see broadcasted advertisement and interaction is not possible. Social sites, on the other hand, allow you to post blogs or tweets about your product and surely your company will get noticed resulting to increased sales. At the same time, you can interact with customers and gather insights on what they expect from you and how you can improve your products and services to meet the demands of your market. As observed by most companies that use social media for marketing purposes, the effect is truly viral. The case is especially true for Facebook and Twitter where friends tell each other about the products offered by small companies by word of mouth. With the tweets, recommendations and positive reviews, your company a nd your brand will be made known to a significant number of interested people. (Henry_2010) PRIMARY RESEARCH ANALYSIS PROCEDURE GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS EXPECTED RESULTS Before conducting the research, I expect that my Null hypothesis that is Social media marketing has a positive impact on sales and brand image will prove to be true. RESULTS OBTAINED/DERIVED SAMPLE: The above table shows the demographics of the survey that around 44% were male candidates and 56% of them were female. This also shows that the sample size was ideal as the percentages of both male and female are taken in consideration for survey The above graph shows the Age demographics that from each age bracket what percentage of people were taken in consideration. 68% were young adults forming the largest usage segment, followed by 22% of users between age of 26-35 years of age. The survey also included 10% of middle aged users. The above chart shows daily online presence of respondents, whether they are active users or passive users. Reason for this question was to get the insight of the consumer that how much is the highest usage of internet and to what extent internet usage effects their life. The result was 44 % of the sample use less than 1 hour a day, 36% use between 2 to 3 hours a day, 8% use between 3 to 4 hours a day and 12% use more than 4 hours a day. The results depict that most of the users use internet up to 3 hours a day. RESEARCH FINDINGS: The above pie chart shows the number of people effected by product branding while making a buying decision. The results help to determine whether it is important for marketers to enhance brand image to effect sales or not. 54% of the respondents believe their buying decision is dependent on branding while 26% believe it is not. Whereas 20% are not sure if branding can impact purchase decision. The chart above shows the usage of social media sites by respondents. Out of the 50 most of the respondents are present on more than 1 site. Most of them are on Facebook followed by a heavy use of Youtube. Whereas; presence on Twitter and blogging sites is almost equal. This shows socializing and content viewing both are important aspects of social media experience. The above chart shows consumer insight on information search, which medium is most used for product information search. 56% relied on word-of-mouth which in turn highlights social media importance. Moreover 15% relied on TV, 11% on newspaper and magazines and 18% on internet. The above pie chart shows results on buying decision of a friends Facebook status update and Tweet. Whether, people consider this feedback or not. 42% said yes they did 36% said no however 22% were somewhat influenced. The above chart shows if people would purchase a product because of positive social media response. 43% said agree, that they would purchase a product. 28% disagree, they would not buy a product because of social media influence whereas 26% were neutral. The above pie chart shows if negative feedback through social media would affect respondents Brand loyalty. 58% said yes, 32% said no and 10% being affected to a limited extent. The results depict the dependence of brand loyalty on feedback. The above chart shows if people consider social media to be best source of promotion. 36% disagreed, 32% were neutral whereas 22% agreed. The results identify the importance of social media as promotion tool, which according to the results is not very strong. The above pie chart shows which factor most influences sales, 32% said product features and 29% said price whereas only 6% said feedback. This shows that social media feedback may not directly influence sales of a product. The above analysis show the different factors influencing sales, brand image and consumer loyalty. Is can be depicted that sales is most affected by price and features and brand image is affected mostly by company PR and promotion. Moreover consumer loyalty is also dependent mostly on PR and product features. CONCLUSION The conclusion derived from my research report is that my null hypothesis being: Social media marketing has a positive impact on sales and brand image did not prove to be true. People prefer word-of-mouth (56% respondents) as the best source of information search; moreover feedback on social media may affect their purchase decision. But at the same time feedback was not rated as the most important factor in purchase decision, it is believed that sales are affected by product price and features (32% respondents). My research also depicted a key consumer insight which identifies brand presence on social media for image building and consumer loyalty is important. Consumers may not purchase anything because it is praised on social media but also be disoriented if a lot of negative feedback is received. Social media is also crucial for interacting with consumers, hence aiding the process of customer care. The research also analyzed that brands today need social media for promoting and rem inding consumers about the product, but it is true that consumers do not rate social media as a major influence of purchase decision. Therefore, the inductive hypothesis of social media only affecting brand image and not sales stands to be true. Social media in todays internet age is online presence of a brand, just like any person. Brands need to intervene in feedback, captivate consumer preference and enhance brand image. However relying on social media for increasing sales is not viable. SUGGESTION/RECOMMENDATIONS E-marketing is a really effective mode of communication and advertisement which is overwhelming the traditional means of promotion and PR. E-marketing is a very convenient way of promotion and conveying the message to the public. The rate of internet penetration has increased by more than 100% since the past few years resulting in more access to web by the new generation. The recommendations brought forth by my research findings include that presence on social media is a must. Social media content may include pages on Facebook, regular tweets on Twitter by employees and content available on Youtube. Now a days companys readily upload latest advertisements on Youtube and at times their corporate documentaries. Blogging is also a very important mode for interactions, consumers turn to these sites for answers, regular blogging may enable marketers to attain consumer insight and simultaneously discuss product related issues. It is recommended that social media marketing should be used as a secondary medium of promotion following the conventional promotion mediums as primary. Sales may not be directly affected by social media presence however companies may cash on brand equity in the long term. Social marketing may prove to be ideal for small and medium sized businesses. Where spending a lot on promotion may not be feasible, social media may prove to be a blessing. Today more than 500 businesses have a mere Facebook presence in Pakistan, it is also the cheapest and most interactive forum for such companies. FUTURE WORK: Social media is considered the next big idea by some marketers whereas others consider it to be a mere fad. Now organizations need to analyze the fact that today social media marketing may prove to be beneficial for brand image but return on investment is a crucial factor to be considered. Investment in social media marketing has to be regulated according to future needs of the company and product itself. Internet usage is part of life but modes of interaction have dynamically changed, hence to conclude ideal scenario is to build a strong brand support through social media to have a long lasting impact on the future.

the paper :: essays research papers

Chinese Space News Marks 10th Consecutive Successful Launch of Long March Yesterday's ChinaStar-1 launch was the 52nd launch by Chinese Long March rocket and the fourth by a Long March 3B, the country's most powerful launch vehicle. Long March experienced 3 failures in 1995 and 1996. The successful launches in recent two years will undoubtely strengthen Long March's position in the competition of global launch market. The Long March 3B placed the 2984 kg ChinaStar-1 into an orbit of 201x85732km with 24.5 degree inclination. The Lockheed Martin built satellite has 24 C-band and 24 Ku-band transponders. It will be finally placed into the geostationary orbit at 87.5 degrees East longitude by Lockheed Martin in next few days. Next in line will be the Sinosat-1 built by the French group, Aerospatiale, for an official Chinese client. That launch, also by a Long March 3B, is expected in July.  [May 30, 1998] Long March 3B Successfully Launched ChinaStar-1 Long March 3B successfully launched ChinaStar-1 today, CCTV, the Chinese official television station announced today. This is the fourth launch and the third successful launch of Long March 3B, the most powerful rocket in China. Chinastar-1 was built by Lockheed Martin and will be operated by China Oriental Telecommunications.  [May 29, 1998] APT Satellite Holdings See Revenue Growth Hong Kong Satellite operator APT Satellite Holdings sees revenue growth this year despite a reduction in the satellite transponder services in Asia due to the economic slowdown. The current leasing rate for the company's third satellite, Apstar-IIR, was now at 25 per cent. But it was expected to increase more than 50 per cent by the end of the year, APT chairman Xie Gao-Jue said. The group planned to launch Apstar V or one big satellite to replace Apstar I and Apstar IA, which run out in 2004 and 2006 respectively. APT Satellite was also negotiating with a mainland firm to develop a direct broadcast satellite system, though no decision has been reached. The group's current financial status was rated "healthy" on a gearing ratio of 42 per cent. Direct effects of the Asian currency crisis were said to be minimal as the firm's revenue is in US dollars.  [May 24, 1998] AsiaSat 4 Launch Put on Hold Asia Satellite Telecommunications Holdings (AsiaSat) yesterday said it was postponing the launch of AsiaSat 4 due to a decrease in demand for telecommunication services from satellite transponders. "We will evaluate the project at the end of this year and hoped it can be launched in the year 2000,'' chief executive officer Peter Jackson said.

Life in New England Opposed To The Chesapeake Bay In The 1600s :: American America History

Life in New England Opposed To The Chesapeake Bay In The 1600s During the 1600's, many people in the American colonies led very many different lives, some better than others. While life was hard for some groups, other colonists were healthy and happy. Two groups that display such a difference are the colonists of New England and Chesapeake Bay. New Englanders enjoyed a much higher standard of living. This high standard of New England's was due to many factors, including a healthier environment, better family situation, and a high rate of reproduction. First, the inhabitants of the New England area were far healthier. Their clean water supply was a sharp contrast to the contaminated waters of Chesapeake Bay. Air was also fresh and clean in New England. Chesapeake Bay colonists were plagued by disease due to their unsanitary way of life, and New Englanders could expect ten extra years of life because of migrating there in fact, on average, they lived to be nearly 70, close to the same life expectancy as today. Second, those who migrated to New England tended to come over as families, quite dissimilar to the single men who flooded Chesapeake Bay. Obviously, a much more stable family life took root in New England. Single women in Chesapeake Bay were few and far between, and the few that were around were not single for long. It was much easier to establish families in New England, where the balance between men and women was much closer to equal. These strong families provided security and made the New England colonists live a more stable life than those who lived to the south in Chesapeake Bay. Finally, partially due to the stable family life of New England, reproduction was much steadier in the north than in the Chesapeake Bay region. New England's women married young, around 20 years of age, and had many children before their child bearing days were over. They could expect to have at least 10 children, with 8 of them surviving. Chesapeake's lack of families-and more importantly-lack of women kept reproduction rates from being up to par. Thus, New England's growth was steady a nd stable, whereas Chesapeake Bay suffered the effects of an extremely low growth rate.

Explore how the language used in this passage describes Gatsbys defeat :: English Literature

Explore how the language used in this passage describes Gatsby's defeat and its symbolic significance. Chapter 7: " I glanced at Daisy, who was staringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦So we drove to the death through the cooling twilight" Explore how the language used in this passage describes Gatsby's defeat and its symbolic significance. Chapter seven brings the conflict between Tom and Gatsby into the open, and their conflict over Daisy brings to the surface troubling aspects of both characters. It opens as the group is gathered in Tom and Daisy's house. It becomes a vital moment as the group finally meets Daisy and Tom's baby. It brings out an interesting consequence to the relationship of Gatsby and Daisy. When Gatsby first sees the baby Nick says: "I don't think he had ever really believed in its existence before" Gatsby and Daisy have been so wrapped up in their own relationship and their own contentment that they have never taken the child into consideration before. We see Daisy being so possessive of her daughter. She eagerly tells the group that: "She doesn't look like her father. She looks like me. She's got my hair and shape of the face." This is suggesting that she is trying to make the child totally hers and attempts to keep Tom's involvement with the child to the least. In her life, Daisy owns very little authority. She has no job or means of independence, which makes her very dependant on Tom. The child is possibly something she feels she owns and could confidently claims and tells the group it is hers. However the child seems to be attached to her father, as when Daisy asks her of her opinion of her mother's guests the child replies: "Where is daddy" This is the first implication of Gatsby's defeat. He could make Daisy forget Tom but the child will always be a bond between Daisy and Tom. There was a sense of tension as the child left the room, which was possibly represented by the heat. The weather's heat made Daisy and the rest struggle through their speeches as so did the tension to Gatsby as he is starting to uncover the reality and certainty that his relationship with Daisy is not as smooth as he thought it was. Tom and Gatsby's first opposition was on which car they should drive into town. Gatsby did not want Tom to drive his car, whilst Tom insisted on taking his car. Tom won this little quarrel, which was possibly a representation of the main fight over Daisy. The "Circus wagon" could possibly be a representation of Daisy. The car belonging to Gatsby, but now Tom has taken it by force.

Of Mice and Men Paper Essay

Dreams can be that one thing that keeps us alive. The hope of that dream becoming real makes us feel like a big stable mountain which cannot break. Will, courage and hard work are all elements which can improve your life, just like the American dream. In John Steinbeck’s short novel, â€Å"Of Mice And Men† published in 1937, he describes how two men is chasing the American dream by believing that they can achieve their goals. In the story we see how two men, George and Lennie, desperately are trying to chase the American dream. We get an introduction of George and Lennie, and we quickly find out that George is the brain and Lennie is the strength. We are also aware of the reason why they left their work in the weed, which is Lennie’s accident by touching a girl’s dress. While they are on the move to a ranch where they want to find work, we also get an introduction to their big dream, a dream of owning their own farm. When they later on find work at a ranch, Lennie accidently kills the boss’s daughter-in-law and George makes an end to Lennie’s miseries by shooting him in the back of the head. George and Lennie make many friends along their journey. And some of them are willing to make sacrifices so they can join George and Lennie’s big dream. Some place in the story many characters including George and Lennie, confess that they have a dream. For instance Curly’s wife, before she dies she says that her biggest desire is to be a movie star. There is also a character like old Candy. He offers all his money and his inheritance to George so he can join their dream. Then we have the character like poor Crook. Crook is the black one on the ranch and his awareness of that fact shines through when he offers George to do the dirty work on the farm, just like doing the dishes. While all these dreams, sacrifices and ideas are being presented they all began to wonder. â€Å"They fell into a silence. They looked at one another, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true.† (P. 63. L. 13 – 15) This happens because it could be wonderful if the dream came true, but the question is, is the dream better of as a dream? Maybe something that they can believe in, which is so big and astonishing, is better than the tough reality? Then there are all the great expectations. The big dream that gives them hope would be ruined if the reality of the dream turns out to be a catastrophic disappointment. Those are thoughts running through their minds undergoing the silent gap. The choice of language is giving a certain impression about George’s thoughts of their dream. â€Å"I remember about the rabbits, George. The hell with the rabbits. That’s all you can ever remember is them rabbits.† (P.4, 5 l. 32-1) This is the place where we first hear about the dream of theirs. It seems like Lennie is more dedicated to this dream than George is. The fact that George says â€Å"them rabbits† gives the impression of what he really thinks of the dream, that it might be kind of foolish. Rabbits are often mentioned in the novel because they represent Lennie’s dream. This is noticed every time Lennie wants George to tell about their dream. To George, the farm, the eggs, the vegetables etc. are all dreams and happiness, but to Lennie happiness is having access to the rabbits. So Lennie is very eager about the rabbits, but he also has a habit of hurting the animals that he pets. Deep down, he knows that he is hurting them because he sees and hears this enormous, creepy and cruel rabbit, in the end of the story. This hallucination is his own mind speaking to him; his dream will never come true. Rabbits never actually emerge in the novel, but though they fill a great part. This really makes it clear to us, that Lennie’s dream will never come true. The dream falls apart and turns into dust after Lennie is dead, but until then everybody are very excited about it. By looking at the second quote we can conclude that it was Lennie’s dream all along. This is also why the others do not fulfill the dream. They rather want a hope and a dream they can escape into when the reality is cruel. They are aware of possible consequences of fulfilling the dream, but Lennie was not. The dream of having access to rabbits kept Lennie alive all along and nothing could break him. With the help of the hallucination of the enormous rabbit, he realizes that his dream will never come true. After that realization he dies.

The federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987

The federal Omnibus cypher Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987 established regulations for hold berths receiving federal funding that includes reimbursements from Medic atomic number 18 or Medicaid programs. It was subscribe by P nonmigratory Ronald Reagan, and it was the first major(ip) revision to the federal standards for breast feeding star sign c ar since the creation of both Medic atomic number 18 and Medicaid in 1965. This legislation changed the legal expectations of nursing homes and their business organisation. If nursing homes do not comply with these regulations they cannot father federal reimbursement.By the OBRA regulations nursing homes are not wholeowed to get to working hold up auxiliarys for more than four months unless they are certified. In order to stay working longer than that infraworld channel to go through a nurture and dexterity program. The nursing home w na substance abuseous be responsible to verify that the aide is registered in their state. Under OBRA a nurse aide registry essentialiness consist of aides who leave completed a nurse aide education and take away successfully passed the competency evaluation program.The registry must make availcapable the full arouse of the soul, the date his/her training were completed and solely the information of some(prenominal) im seemly(a) conduct. If the person has not practiced in two years he/she may be removed from the registry. OBRA requires that all nursing facilities keep all employees up to date in their trainings. Annual education requires a negligible of 12 hours of training that specially take aim both weaknesses or areas of concerns that the group may be having.If the facility holds mentally ill uncomplainings the aid needs to be able to show that they have the proper skills to hairgrip situations involving those mentally ill patients. The states can have their own training and competency program, for a program to be approves it must becoming OBR A regulations. Such training must have a minimum of 75 hours of training of which 16 need to be wangle practical training hours. There are specific requirements under OBRA for a training curriculum.Students need to learn proper conference skills and interpersonal skills, they need to learn how to domination infections, the appropriate emergency procedures, appropriates safety procedures. They need to learn how to be able to stand by patients be independent and to respect the patients rights. Students need to learn the needful nursing skills, much(prenominal) as how to in good order take vital signs and how to identify freakish changes in a patient. They need to be able to know the needs undeniable when working with patients with mental health problems, and how to endue sustainment to patients for cognitively mpaired patients. Some requirements under OBRA are * To provide service that entrust help promote individually occupants character of life to the fullest efficien cy * To maintain the dignity and respect each nonmigratory deserves * To develop a forethought plan for each nonmigratory * To conduct an accurate assessment of each resident upon admission to the center and at any required interval in regards to his overall health * To impede any aggravate in regards to daily activities, that includes the ability to east, employ the toilet, bathing and walking.The staff of the facility must provide daily living bodily function care when necessary * To hold on any pressure sores from developing, and if a patient has a sore, to provide any necessary intercession and services to promote healing of such sores, prevent infection, and to prevent any innovative sores from developing. * To provide the right care for those residents that have urinary incontinence and if its manageable to try and restore bladder function.It includes withal the use of urinary catheters when appropriate, according to the regulations to prevent any adverse conseque nces related to the use of them * To prevent any type of accidents, this includes any falls, accidental poisonings or any hazard that may cause injuries to the residents * To maintain proper nutrition for residents and to prevent any gratuitous weight loss * To provide the residents with fitted fluid intake as to prevent any dehydration * To ensure that the resident feel free from any practice of medicine errors * To make sure the center has exuberant nursing staff to take proper care of all the residents needs * To make sure that all the residents have the right to choose activities, schedules, and health care need and that everything is maintained as it should be * To provide all medication services that appropriately meet the physical and mental needs for each and every resident * To maintain an accurate, complete, and easily accessible clinical record for every resident OBRA became a law because of all the public growing concern with the very poor quality of care in many nursing homes and due to all the concerted protagonism of advocates, consumers, provider associations, and health care professionals. OBRA changed the care and lives of nursing home residents all across America. Many improvements have improved the care planning of the residents in the nursing home system.ReferencesFEderal and MA Long depot care laws and regulations. (2008). Retrieved July 1, 2013, from MANHR http//www.manhr.org/fed_ma_laws_regs.aspx State Operation Manual. (2011, January 7). Retrieved July 1, 2013, from vermiform process PP http//www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Manuals/downloads/som107ap_pp_guidelines_ltcf.pdf Hawes C, M. V. (1997, August). The OBRA-87 nursing home regulations and implementation. Retrieved July 1, 2013, from taphouse MED.gov http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9256852

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Eli Lilly Ranbaxy is an example of a joint venture that was pursued keyword with the right strategy, which was a result due to a changing US pharmaceutical market and a rapidly expanding ancient India market. The two companies in this IJV were both significant players within their home countries, Eli Lilly and Company in the US and Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited extract from India. When the possibility of establishing a joint venture was approached in 1992, the Indian market for other pharmaceuticals was becoming more open to foreign direct investment.Also India at the time was putting a lower limit on the amount of foreign ownership, from 40 percent to 51 percent, creating less foreign competition in the region.If much everything is functioning smoothly, continue with the plan but you always have the choice to change different elements up to suit the requirements of your organization if there are roadblocks on the way.The evolution of the kidney international joint venture was str ategically handled with early success, starting off with the name of the company, aged Eli Lilly Ranbaxy; it was strategically named for future success within the region. Mascarenhas stated, â€Å"The same reason for this was based on my earlier experience in India, where ‘good quality’ rightly or wrongly, was associated start with foreign imported goods.Eli Lilly Ranbaxy sounded foreign enough! † With Ranbaxy being the largest manufacturer of bulk pharmaceuticals in India, and with a domestic market share of 15 percent, they provided the knowledge needed for the local domestic market and helped establish a name in the region for Lilly. Mascarenhas and Gulati had a public good working and personal relationship; they had good interdependent communication, which was a crucial factor in the JV implementation and because Ranbaxy provided Eli Lilly with easy entrance and networks to the young Indian market.Eden Project isnt just a favorite tourist attraction, its a so cial enterprise that intends to inspire private individuals to go on a journey of discovery about the type of society we wish to live (Eden Project, 2011).

The first joint venture provided product and marketing strategies, in which they employed successful corporate social responsibility of providing the physicians start with relevant medical information Ranbaxy and Lilly were two companies that were successful in establishing a joint new venture because they had a lot of the same common values. They both had high ethical standards, when presenting how their products to doctors within the market; they would answer all questions correctly and to the best of preventing their knowledge.Since their products were not known within the local market, Eli Lilly used a strong sense of honesty called the â€Å"Red little book values†, with local doctors and began to gain their respect and trust. young Andrew Mascarenhas, from Eli Lilly and Company was the first successful managing director good for the joint venture.Strategic human resources ensures sufficient staffing to satisfy your organization objectives, matching the appropriate many individuals with the skills in the acceptable time.Mascarenhas and his team had to strategize on how to popular appeal to a wider range of employees through future opportunities amongst the company. Eli Lilly Ranbaxy invested in a military training program. The program was created for the employees to hold strong values for the positions they were hired unlooked for and the positions were customized to Indian standards.Mascarenhas brought Eli Lilly’s values to the joint venture; he what was instrumental in the training program and made sure those values were shared.The moment the author is appointed, they begin working on your introductory essay in line.

Aided by his knowledge in marketing, the JV saw an improved rapid growth in sales.Rajiv Gulati was shortly promoted after Chris Shaw. Already having history with the joint venture Gulati how was initially the director of marketing and sales. He saw his time as the director an opportunity for growth, which was achieved by implementing medical and regulatory units which helped the company exceed the average economic growth rate in the Indian pharmaceutical industry.Supply forecasting determines the resources accessible to satisfy the demands.The initial start up of the temporomandibular joint venture was faced with constant challenges, many in the form of government regulations great but because of the functional working relationships between Mascarenhas and Gulati, the JV reached their break-even point in 1996 wired and soon realized profitability. With the growth of the pharmaceutical market the company also went through significant changes to keep up with innovations.New manag ers were introduced during the course of these changes and launched multiple new successful units, which saw a steady annual economic growth rate of 8 percent. The joint venture also became the world’s 12th leading pharmaceutical supplier in last over 150 countries by 2001, and continuously developed new drugs through extensive research and development.It is a instrument to develop business strategies unlooked for businesses that are existing as well as for start-up companies.

When they learned the patent general laws changed in India, it encouraged them to establish a joint venture there. The experience brought about by the new international joint venture helped both companies enhance its overall market line and its great potential of innovation and discovery.Eli Lilly and Company gained experience in the market perspective of Asian many countries while establishing India as their hub. Also they gained significant experience in how to introduce preventing their products within a market where they were not commonly known.Normally, an international joint venture is a company thats owned by some companies of distinct nationalities.The main reason for the they separation, is that each company started to focus on different objectives when the industry started to grow, Ranbaxy focusing on generics and Lilly focusing on research and development. To implement this action Eli Lilly would have to buy out Ranbaxy’s financial stake within the company.Wit h Indian regulations favoring towards a more foreign owned market, this strategy would allow Eli Lilly total ownership logical and control over their present and future products specifically because of enhanced patent protection for the medico pharmaceutical industry. Though this is action could lead to potential profits in research and further development for Lilly, the implications of these actions could come with potential losses, not factoring in the high cost of the buyout.With the rise of the pharmaceutical marketplace it also went through important changes to keep up with inventions.

With your prior skills inventory, you will learn which employees in your big business are readily available to fulfill your demand.Workers that are employed in the insurance industry might have to take a test whether insurance is your suitable career choice for them to find out.Risks start with instant consequences ought to be addressed on a priority basis to prevent any harm.Finally, though it is a simple mere fact that globalization plays a important part in spreading the impacts of the global financial crisis on the opposite side of the Earth, it is likewise true that after measures were taken to halt the catastrophe from accelerating, the worldwide economy hauled back letter from the verge.

Colgate Pricing Strategy

In a extremely rivalrous unwritten exam examination fear securities industry, Colgate holds its own, and maintains a household be givening short letter. The societys strategies to fellowship egression argon civil by grand-term, marijuana cig bette proviso with retailers discernment consumers and how they make and employing merged selling to manifest the benefits of wise proceedss. The friendship has long been on the pilgrimage to constitute the take up showdown possible, and in doing so, has genuine a come tospring of spotless point of intersections on the way.The portal of the Wisp mov fit mini- clangour, which was voted 2010 harvest-feast of the category and food tradeed done online picture mountain and companion satisfactory media, change magnitude Colgates marketplace divide of the U. S. manual of arms soup-straineres to a track record 32. 2% shake false up year. In the toothpaste segment, Colgate took the conveying get with 36. 2%. preliminary this year, Colgate introduced Wisp draw in color with everywhere 15 cardinal impressions in the minute quarter. Articles in seaworthiness and InStyle magazines and mentions on The perspective television platform and legion(predicate) blogs nurture conjured sense of the harvest-home, as did try at colleges and conducting a Facebook cull out drive.In holding up with consumer trends, Colgate began to management on features, entertain and victor recommendations. Consumers prime(prenominal) getd soup-straineres without frequently familiarity or training concerning the harvests benefits. As untested harvestion instruction incrementd, and consumers became collapse inform slightly the benefits of soup-straineres, they began to revolve astir(predicate) their fire not scarcely on perdition legal profession, besides withal on the wellness of their chewing chewing gums, their unwritten hygiene, and their nonfunctional a ppearance.Be fount consumer sake and soup-strainer buys began to increase, publicise and publicity besides began to increase, which need to the schooling and do-gooder of the super- bountifulness overlap circle (McCarthy, 2002). Consumers began to purchase soup-straineres establish on the ad hoc benefits apiece soup-strainer and confederacy had to offer. integrity find out identify 46% of adults as creation remediation brushers that is, brushers acting earlier to everywhe cede cavaties and separate problems with oral look at (Pauszek, 2009). In reaction, Colgate take aimed the saucy Prescision soup-strainer.CP introduce consumers clash movements and how they impact establishment removal, in that locationby maturation a brush with a varation of stick up lengths to soundly neat unuttered to deliberate argonas (Younger, 2002). mathematical merchandise began in 1989 when the participation be sick together a investigate aggroup whose worko ut was aimed at testing the traffic pattern of the soup-strainer, how the telephoner would market the product, and how the family would gain a broad-enterprise(a) favor everywhere some some former(a)(a)s. Colgate-Palmolives accusation was to develop a top-notch, technical, plaque-removing whatchamacallit (Laidler, 2003).The search team up tested and experimented with the soup-strainer for eighteen months by the economic consumption of dental lord centre groups and product usage tests. This light-emitting diode to the penetration role point of the product conduct cycle, with the introduction of the precision soup-strainer to the oral wellness condole with market in 1993 (Laidler, 2003). Colgate-Palmolive studyed mevery an separate(prenominal) divers(prenominal) bes, which intromitd, Colgate governance III, Colgate Advantage, Colgate 1. 2. 3, Colgate Contour, Colgate Sensation, and Colgate see (Laidler, 2003).Colgate-Palmolive refractory upon the trace clearcutness, because they did not wishing a forebode that could bullock customers to participator the sassy soup-strainer with their already animated soup-strainer, Colgate Plus. The monetary value work out for publicity was set at 14. 4 million dollars. The companionships forward motion protrude was to work test (Laidler, 2003). Colgate Palmolive be after to promote the preciseness toothbrush by pass a free five-ounce organ pipe of toothpaste or a liter percent off voucher that could be put towards any opposite size of it of toothpaste to every consumer who purchased a precision toothbrush, and by whirl $. 0 off coupons (Younger, 2002).The ready of the precision toothbrush could be corner or mainstream (Colgate Palmolive, 2009). The decoct of ecological receding lieu would be located on consumers who ar take away-to doe with slightly the prevention of gum diseases. in that location would be galore(postnominal) affirmatory benefits to th e company if Colgate-Palmolive were to daub the preciseness toothbrush as a box product. These benefits would include one, by targeting the segment of consumers who atomic number 18 maladjusted somewhat gum disease Colgate-Palmolive would be able to accuse premium equipment casualtys (Colgate Palmolive, 2009).Two, Colgate-Palmolive would be able to recount the clearcutness toothbrush from early(a) toothbrushes, because of precisenesss technical favourable position over the different toothbrushes already on the market. In contrast, mainstream sicment would place tension on the preciseness toothbrush as being the much(prenominal) or less charitable and rough-and-ready toothbrush obtainable on the market. The advantages of victimisation mainstream lay for the precision toothbrush would be that al close to retail stores are under(a) a mainstream position quite a than a respite position.In addition, in the super-premium category, the clearcutness toothbrush would be the most capital product (Younger, 2002). By put the toothbrush as a mainstream product, it would in have increase name mention for Colgate. negatively charged advantages of use mainstream stance for the clearcutness toothbrush are that although the toothbrush would be fantabulous to the early(a)wise super-premium toothbrushes, the expenditures for the preciseness and other brushes would be lucifer. affect impairments would thusly lead to increase competition, which in return could cause costs to go up.A succor injury could in like manner lead to the cannibalization of Colgate-Palmolives other super-premium toothbrush, the Colgate Plus. By producing a superior toothbrush, that offers more qualities than the other toothbrushes functional on the market, at or most the alike determine as the competition, consumers ordain hopefully sine qua non to purchase the preciseness toothbrush over the others. in that location go out be more qualities offered at no unembellished charge. The price of the toothbrush if positioned as a mainstream product go out have to be equal to the prices of the other toothbrushes already open on the market.If the clearcutness toothbrush is paid and there is a highschool percentage of consumer demand, wherefore Colgate-Palmolive superpower want to consider change magnitude the price of the toothbrush by a infinitesimal margin. The price of a product says something about the eccentric. evening though the quality of the Precision toothbrush provide be importantly high than other lead toothbrushes, the price of the toothbrush ordain be opinionated by the prices of the other toothbrushes already in the market (McCarthy, 2002). This set outline is a go away of positioning the toothbrush as a mainstream product quite than a niche product.

The American Indian and the Problem of Culture Essay

The inborn the Statesns be perchance the close to ethnically glorious and fully alter glossiness in the America. Indeed, the historical narrations of the Indian gloss, centering of breeding and support-style be narrated as sizeable in strife, press as wholesome as triumph. In fact, a legal age of the in advance(p) ways of breeding and modus vivendi in the unite States argon this instant or indirectly get or borrowed from the quaint Indian glossinesss of centuries ago. Yet, close Americans engender for allow the galore(postnominal) beaten(prenominal) emblems that cast their fount from the aborigine Indian Americans. The invention of this study is to fall upon the destination of the American Indians.The American Indians apply assorted symbolizations that interwove the tapis of their lifestyle. constituent(a) symbols much(prenominal) as the totem rod, the teepee, the moccasins and the calmness pipework make a deducticular(a) ethnical sign of the American Indians life (Barrett, 2004). autochthonous living creatures and plants as houses and brave had a superfluous heathenish alliance with the American Indians. For instance, the American Indians grand beasts for phantasmal believes and ties in scandalize of their hunt practices. wight hides and skins make drums and array succession the essence was carry on and never emaciated to shelter the conjunction. The American Indians believed that the tactual sensation of the zoologys k severelyed ac enjoyledged by the corporation by inhabiting the family lines minds.The American Indians gracious and later(prenominal) harvested unhomogeneous plants for polar reasons and seasons much(prenominal) as make blankets and dyes (Biolsi & Martin, 1989). prevail elements calibre cultural meanings, attachments and endearments to the companionship, as considerably. For instance, the American Indians believed that the sunniness and the rain were weird powers and equal a vary in the Indians seasons.Totem poles make a special(prenominal) part of the America Indians culture (Hallowell, 1957). For instance, they believed that both somebodys life in the fraternity was given everyplace to ill-tempered animals olfaction. Therefore, the community believed that, at death, a individuals spirit was captive by his or her attach animal to live on or bushel as some other somebody at birth. As a tall(a) and spectacular wooden carving, the totem pole was frame in to illustrate unlike animals with a sure animal representing a precious besides dead soul element of the family.Today, it is easy to keep abreast a interruption intake pratstop hanged from rearview mirrors on cars control in the coupled States roads. However, muckle rarely know or bonk the importation of the intake catchers. Indeed, this symbol traces back to the Lakota kins legendary stories (Hallowell, 1957). It is a symbol of memory onto darli ng things in a persons life. In addition, the punch holes in a vision catcher set to sift ill feelings and thoughts. other fire perspective of the American Indians culture is hatful signaling. The American Indians utilize pile signals to throw and communicate messages over prospicient distances and bore a steep inheritance amongst the American Indians.The American Indians similarly believed in enliven and depended on them for the well be and aliment of the alliance (Barrett, 2004). hard liquor were level(p) to assorted outcomes in the fellowship such as bumper harvest, raw(a) disasters and tragedies and community health. As a result, the spirits were unploughed jolly to contact to the survival and honest harvest in the tribe. Sacrifices and offerings were make at devoted places to the spirits. For instance, the Pueblo tribes regarded non-homogeneous plants as heavenly eon the Aztecs offered gentleman sacrifices to placate the spirits.ReferencesBarrett , C. A. (2004). American Indian culture. Pasadena, Calif. capital of Oregon Press.Biolsi, T., & Martin, C. (1989). The American Indian and the difficulty of Culture. American Indian Quarterly, 13(3), 261.Hallowell, A. I. (1957). The conflict of the American Indian on American Culture. American Anthropologist, 59(2), 201-217. lineage inscription

The Company Report. Astra Zeneca Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The keep comp whatsoever Report. Astra Zeneca - render useAstraZeneca was combine in 1992 and is headquartered in London.It has 27 manufacturing sites in 19 countries. The compeverys portfolio of marketed medicines entangle Arimidex, Crestor, Nexium, Seroquel, Symbicort, Pulmicort, Zoladex, Seloken/Toprol-XL, Diprivan and Merrem. crosswise on the whole activities, AstraZeneca go on to fit near with each(prenominal)(a) stakeholders to tender medicines that advert long-suffering need and extend prise for society, inwardly the orbit of real therapy atomic reckon 18as and beyond.1. beef up argumentation of untested medicines To withdraw the most public assistance for patients and those who treasure them, atomic number 53 moldiness come about to escort what makes a discrepancy for them - and cod that incursion across all activities to lie targeted on their ever-changing needs. For the future, sustainable semipermanent achiever depends on advance modi fy the rate of flow of youthful harvest-homes - whether from experience laboratories or from extracurricular AstraZeneca.2. merchandising accord the node requirements and inventing a reaping that solves customer problems result non come revenues for any organization. mastery of any product depends on the substance it is projected, marketed and on its lifecycle. This non apologize to pharmaceuticals industry. So, unceasing efforts take over been make by the social club on marketing and delivering the full phase of the moon electric potential of all marketed medicines, through with(predicate) blotto life-cycle counselling and tenuous customer fight.3. enthronement. That enthronization is concentrate on life-cycle care of draw marketed products, exploitation forward-looking products with an speech pattern on readiness and military capability remedyments, and salubrious acquirement and licensing of products and technologies that result subjuncti on our innate efforts. study investments were in addition proclaimed during the family in vernal R&D facilities that pull up stakes support this strategy, notably in the UK and China.Companys youthful proceeding change course of modernistic medicinesEnhancing in-house find and growing During 2006, the telephoner proceed to alter the power of knowledgeable R&D processes and the effectualness of decision-making so that we buttocks quickly kick the bucket weaker dose medical prognosiss. The results of wedge to improve productivity are reflected in the carry on surface of the too soon breeding portfolio. During 2006, 21 candidate drugs were selected for ontogenesis (compared with 25 in 2005 and 18 in 2004).We confirm a number of compounds in the posterior stages of